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The task is to get to understand the vast economic interest in the international drug business and to debate how to stop it.
Time:
hours
Introduction:
<p style="text-align:justify">The illegal drug business is a global black market, dedicated to cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and sale of drugs, which are subject to drug prohibition laws.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">A UN report said in 2003 that the global drug business generated an estimated US$321.6 billion, and the illegal drug business may be estimated as nearly 1% of total global business. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729, 1796 and 1800. Addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">An Illegal Drug Business emerged during the early 19th century; China retaliated by enforcing the ban on imports of opium, and two Opium Wars broke out. In the First Opium War (1839-1842), the Chinese authorities had banned opium, but the United Kingdom forced China to allow British merchants to business opium with the general population. Smoking opium had become common in the 19th century, and British merchants increased their business with the Chinese. Trading in opium was lucrative. As a result of this illegal business, an estimated two million Chinese people became addicted to the drug. The British Crown took vast sums of money from the Chinese government through this illegal business, which they referred to as "reparations".</p> <p style="text-align:justify">In 1868, as the result of the increasing use of opium, the UK restricted the sale of opium in Britain via the 1868 Pharmacy Act . In the United States, control remained a state responsibility until the introduction of the Harrison Act in 1914, following the passing of the International Opium Convention in 1912.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">The Australian Crime Commission's illicit drug data report for 2011–2012 was released in western Sydney on 20 May 2013 and revealed that the seizures of illegal substances in Australia during the reporting period were the largest in a decade due to record interceptions of amphetamines, cocaine and steroids.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Drug trafficking is widely regarded as the most serious of drug offences around the world.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">The countries of drug production and drug transit have been seen as some of the worst affected by prohibition though countries receiving the illegally-imported substances are also affected by problems stemming from drug prohibition. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries and drug lords. While some applied for asylum, others are still illegal. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic and social problems.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Honduras, through which an estimated 79% of cocaine passes on its way to the United States, has the highest murder rate in the world.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">After a crackdown by U.S. and Mexican authorities in the first decade of the 21st century as part of tightened border security in the wake of the September 11 attacks, border violence inside Mexico surged. The Mexican government estimates that 90% of the killings are drug-related.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">A report by the UK government's drug strategy unit that was subsequently leaked to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive drugs heroin and cocaine, that drug use was responsible for the great majority of crime, including 85% for shoplifting, 70-80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. "The cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to £16 billion a year in the UK" (note: this is more than the entire annual UK Home Office budget).</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Due to its illicit nature, statistics about profits from the drug business are largely unknown. In its 1997 World Drugs Report the UNODC estimated the value of the market at US$400 billion, ranking drugs alongside arms and oil amongst the world's largest traded goods. An online report published by the UK Home Office in 2007 estimated the illicit drug market in the UK at £4–6.6 billion a year.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">In December 2009, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Antonio Maria Costa, claimed that illegal drug money saved the banking industry from collapse. He claimed he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were "the only liquid investment capital" available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2008. He said that a majority of the US$352bn (£216bn) of drugs profits was absorbed into the economic system as a result. "In many instances, the money from drugs was the only liquid investment capital. In the second half of 2008, liquidity was the banking system's main problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor...Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs business and other illegal activities... There were signs that some banks were rescued that way". Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Cocaine produced in Colombia and Bolivia has been increasingly shipped via West Africa (Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Liberia). The money is often laundered in countries as Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Cargo planes are now also used as a method of transport from the production countries to West-Africa. Before this, the cocaine was only shipped to the USA. Because the market became saturated there, illicit drug traders decided to increase shipping to Europe. When these new drug routes were uncovered by the authorities, West Africa was chosen as a stop-over. In 2005, the first major cocaine shipment was intercepted by the police. In 2007, 30% of all cocaine shipped to the UK was estimated to come from West Africa. In 2009, 50% of all cocaine shipped to the UK was estimated to come from West Africa.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Drug mules, fishing boats, container ships, and submarines have been used to transship illegal drugs from West Africa to Europe.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Especially in Guinea-Bissau, the drugs have been traded with the help of political leaders. According to the UN, the value of illicit drug smuggling in Guinea-Bissau is higher than the value of the country's GDP (Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time). Policemen are often bribed.</p> When drugs are sent overland, through the Sahara, the drug traders have been increasingly forced to cooperate with terrorist organizations.
Directive:
<ol start="1"> <li>Read the file "Drug Wars" in the team. Write a list of points for further research during the process. (2 hrs.)</li> <li>Divide the research points between the team members. Research and prepare presentations. (1 ½ hrs.)</li> <li>Presentations. (½ hrs.)</li> <li>Debate the following points: </li> </ol> <p style="margin-left: 120px;">a. Who benefit from the illegal drug business?</p> <p style="margin-left: 120px;">b. Who are victims in the illegal drug business?</p> <p style="margin-left: 120px;">c. In which ways can the illegal drug business be stopped, and who have a role in this?</p> <p style="margin-left: 120px;">d. What is your view on the business in legal drugs with USA as an example? (1 hr)</p> 5. Each student sends his/her written statement and conclusions to your tutor. <br /> <br /> <br /> FILES: <br /> <br /> F1. Cocaine Trade Guinea Bissau, Cocaine trade 'kingpin' in New York for trial<br /> <br /> F2. <div style="margin-left: 40px;">F3. Crime Statistics > Illicit drugs (most recent) by country. Font: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_ill_dru-crime-illicit-drugs Crime Statistics > Illicit drugs (most recent) by country</div> <br /> <br />
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Drugs Drug War Warlord
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