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Period 1 - Another Kind of School, Another Kind of Teacher
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The task is to understand that the main evolutionary steps did not come through competition between rivals but, quite the opposite, came through cooperation between different species.
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Introduction:
<p>Scientific ideas have many times been taken by politicians or industry leaders and used to further their specific views. Evolution is one such area, where a very popular view has been that the main driver of it all was competition. This competition - "red in tooth and claw" as described in a poem by Tennyson - meant that some survived, the strong ones with the largest teeth and claws, and others succumb, the weaker ones.</p> <p>This was, not surprisingly, a very useful view to have in a world of industrialization and imperialism running wild. The stronger ones - the most ruthless, the ones with the backing of banks and politicians - would survive, and the weaker ones could just die out.</p> <p>This also applied to people and countries. The stronger imperialist states with their weapons would survive, while weaker countries - such as China - could be forced to maintain open its borders so the British could continue to sell poisonous opium to the addicts it had created. And South Africa's Zulus would eventually be defeated by the stronger weapons and give up their land and resources to the colonizers.</p> <p>This was said to be all natural. "Nature's way".</p> <p>As you will learn from the files, then this is actually a very little part of the natural way. Most of the major evolutionary steps in the story of life on Earth have been examples of cooperation. The development of the first cell with a nucleus was very likely such a cooperation. Then a smaller bacteria was engulfed by a larger organism to form an organism able to burn organic material much more efficiently by using oxygen. This bacteria became the mitochondria that is found in all nucleated cells. And then a cyanobacteria - able to perform photosynthesis - was engulfed. This became the plastids of every green plant.</p> <p>You can find more visible examples in your area. For example by finding the small nodules on roots of legume plants. They are bacteria that help take nitrogen from the air and make it into a form that the plant can use. In exchange the bacteria get shelter and food.</p> <p>Or the fungi that grow on roots of nearly all trees - mycorrhiza. They extend the reach of the roots hugely so that more water and nutrients can be taken up.</p>
Directive:
<ol> <li>Read the texts</li> <li>Train yourself to explain about the importance of<u> </u>symbiosis for evolution and try to include examples of symbiotic organisms which can be found in the nature at the location where you are such as lichens, fungi or leguminous plants. Make a speech where you use these examples for colleagues or students.</li> <li>Send your speech to your tutor. </li> </ol>
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Search words:
gaia; life; earth; lovelock; margulis; climate change; global warming; service period; africa; symbiosis; cooperation; evolution of species; competition; capitalism; power;
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