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Introduction:

Zambia&rsquo;s history began to be influenced by the west in the mid-nineteenth century, 
mainly after the arrival of British missionaries and explorers, like David Livingstone 
and Cecil Rhodes. As the story goes, Livingstone&rsquo;s discoveriesresulted in a greater 
knowledge of the territory of Zambia, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and 
Malawi and instilled in the people he met, anti-slavery feelings. 
 
At the end of the 1880s, Cecil Rhodes obtained permission to begin mining in the area, 
where later the British colony of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) was founded. 
Northern Rhodesia was governed by the British South Africa company until 1924, 
when it came under British colonial rule. British colonies occupied the country in the 
period leading up to the 2 nd World War. In 1953, the two Rhodesian countries were 
joined with the British colony of Nyasaland (now Malawi) and formed the Federation 
of Rhodesia and Nyasaland,which was under British control. 
 
In 1963, the federation was dissolved. The following year, the former Northern 
Rhodesia achieved independence and was named Zambia, with Kenneth Kaunda acting 
as president under single-party rule. 
 
In 1973, Zambia closed its borders with Southern Rhodesia in protest against the white 
racist regime of Ian Smith. In 1979, Rhodesian troops destroyed the 
 
Lusakaheadquarters of the Zimbabwe African People&#39;s Union (ZAPU) guerrilla 
movement, which fought against the white Rhodesian government with the support of 
Zambia. 
 
In 1982, and in light of the economic crisis that the country was falling into, the 
government took some economic austerity measures. These measures resulted in a 
national general strike against Kaunda. The fall in international copper prices at this 
time also aggravated the crisis. 
 
But even with all the economic hardship that the country faced, Kaunda was re-elected 
several times and remained in power until 1991. During his presidency, Kaunda broke 
off relations with the IMF. The worsening economic crisis forced Kaunda to make 
political concessions, which resulted in power passing over to the Movement for Multi- 
party Democracy (MMD) and their leader, Frederick Chiluba, following the elections 
of 1991. 
 
The new government could not, however, better the crisis. In 1993, Chiluba declared a 
state of emergency in order to contain a civil disobedience campaign led by Kaunda&rsquo;s 
supporters. 
 
At the beginning of 2001,Chiluba failed to change the constitution in order to run for a 
third consecutive term as president. At the end of the year, presidential elections were 
held that were the closest in Zambia&rsquo;s history and were won by Levy Mwanawasa of 
the Movement for Multi-party Democracy party. 
 
Since Zambia has had two more presidents, as you can read more about in the files. 
This is a small part of Zambia&rsquo;s history. Throughout your research you will obviously 
be able to broaden your knowledge of the history of this country.

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