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Introduction:

Zambia&rsquo;s history began to be influenced by the west in the mid-nineteenth century, 
mainly after the arrival of British missionaries and explorers, like David Livingstone 
and Cecil Rhodes. As the story goes, Livingstone&rsquo;s discoveries resulted in a greater 
knowledge of the territory of Zambia, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and 
Malawi and instilled in the people he met, anti-slavery feelings. 
 
At the end of the 1880s, Cecil Rhodes obtained permission to begin mining in the area, 
where later the British colony of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) was founded. 
Northern Rhodesia was governed by the British South Africa company until 1924, 
when it came under British colonial rule. British colonies occupied the country in the 
period leading up to the 2 nd World War. In 1953, the two Rhodesian countries were 
joined with the British colony of Nyasaland (now Malawi) and formed the Federation 
of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which was under British control. 
 
In 1963, the federation was dissolved. The following year, the former Northern 
Rhodesia achieved independence and was named Zambia, with Kenneth Kaunda acting 
as president under single-party rule. 
 
In 1973, Zambia closed its borders with Southern Rhodesia in protest against the white 
racist regime of Ian Smith. In 1979, Rhodesian troops destroyed the Lusaka 
headquarters of the Zimbabwe African People&#39;s Union (ZAPU) guerrilla movement, 
which fought against the white Rhodesian government with the support of Zambia. 
In 1982, and in light of the economic crisis that the country was falling into, the 
government took some economic austerity measures. These measures resulted in a 
national general strike against Kaunda. The fall in international copper prices at this 
time also aggravated the crisis. 
 
But even with all the economic hardship that the country faced, Kaunda was re-elected 
several times and remained in power until 1991. During his presidency, Kaunda broke 
off relations with the IMF. The worsening economic crisis forced Kaunda to make 
political concessions, which resulted in power passing over to the Movement for Multi- 
party Democracy (MMD) and their leader, Frederick Chiluba, following the elections 
of 1991. 
 
The new government could not, however, better the crisis. In 1993, Chiluba declared a 
state of emergency in order to contain a civil disobedience campaign led by Kaunda&rsquo;s 
supporters. 
 
At the beginning of 2001, Chiluba failed to change the constitution in order to run for a 
third consecutive term as president. At the end of the year, presidential elections were 
held that were the closest in Zambia&rsquo;s history and were won by Levy Mwanawasa of 
the Movement for Multi-party Democracy party. 
 
Since Zambia has had two more presidents, as you can read more about in the files. 
This is a small part of Zambia&rsquo;s history. Throughout your research you will obviously 
be able to broaden your knowledge of the history of this country.

Directive:

1. Skim through the files (F1 &ndash; F11) and other sources to get a good overview of the 
topic. 
 
2. Before making the plan, brainstorm in your group about different possibilities. 
Discuss the places you could visit:
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">-museums 
-university 
-governmental institutions 
-development projects 
-educational institutions 
-multinational companies 
-resource transport facilities 
-resource exporter 
-bank 
-church 
-rural areas 
-etc. 
Discuss the people you could interview: 
-historians 
-teachers 
-elders 
-poor 
-rich 
-youth 
-officials 
-development workers 
-syndicalists 
-farmers 
-activists 
-priests 
-etc. 
&nbsp;</div>
3. Based on the discussion, prepare a day-by-day plan of your investigation. 
Set goals for your investigation. 
Indicate when, where and how you will travel, whom you want to meet and how you 
want to obtain the information. 
 
4. Present the plan to your Core Group. Receive the feedback and adjust your plan 
accordingly. 
 
5. Prepare the questions for the different interviews during your investigation. 
 
6. Investigate as you planned.
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">- Readjust the plan and your questions according to the situation and new knowledge. 
- Study the files to be better prepared for what you encounter. 
- Collect information by making good notes, gathering materials, taking pictures, 
recordings and videos. 
- Don&rsquo;t need to limit your interaction with the people to interviews. Consider joining 
some of them in their activities if you think you could deepen your knowledge this 
way.</div>
Be open for the unexpected opportunities! 
 
7. You can document this investigation in 2 ways: 
a) By writing a report. 
b) By creating a gallery &amp;amp; an essay or article
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">7a. Write a report of 6-8 pages about the economy of Zambia based on your 
investigation. You can start writing already in the beginning of your investigation and 
develop and modify the text as you proceed. 
- In the report, introduce the topic and the main questions, issues and/or thesis you will 
be analysing. Present also the plan for your investigations. 
- The content should include theoretical considerations as well as analyses of your 
observations and actions. Support the arguments with the knowledge you gained 
during the investigation, from the files and other sources. Remember to always 
recognize and acknowledge the resources by writing&nbsp;footnotes. 
- The conclusion should be based on the knowledge and arguments already written in the 
text and&nbsp;should relate to the introduction. 
- You can decide yourselves the questions, issues and/or thesis of the report according to 
your findings during the investigation and studies. Here you can find some helpful 
questions: 
-How did the British establish the colony of Northern Rhodesia? 
-What were the main policies of the British Crown regarding Northern Rhodesia? 
-What were the main British investments in Northern Rhodesia? 
-How did the opposition to the British rule develop in the country? 
-How did Zambia become independent? 
-Was it beneficial for Zambians to get independence? 
-How independent has Zambia really become? 
-How were the relations between the whites and blacks in Zambia during the colonial 
times and after the independence? 
-Are the Zambians aware of their history and national heritage? 
-How were the relations between Zambia and other countries after the independence? 
-What are the policies of different Zambians politicians regarding the history and 
national pride? 
-etc. 
 
7b. A poster with a timeline of the events from Zambia&rsquo;s history &amp;amp; a short essay/article 
about the colonial burden of Zambia. This product could be used to teach people in 
Europe about the history of Zambia.</div>
 
8. Send your product to your tutor.

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