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The task is to study early human cultures, their need and capacity for cooperation, for tool making and use of fire and ability to live communities of hunter-gatherers and how all ancestors started out in Africa.
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hours
Introduction:
Chimpanzees live mostly from fruits and plants in the forest but will occasionally<br /> hunt for food. Hunting is done by small groups of males that hunt down smaller<br /> prey.<br /> <br /> Our human ancestors lived mostly in the savannah regions of Africa moving about<br /> not in trees like apes and monkeys but on two feet. Because it takes much less<br /> energy to move on two legs than on four we are able to move much further than<br /> other animals such as an antelope without collapsing from overheating. Therefore<br /> humans are very efficient hunters if they hunt in groups. Chimpanzees use some<br /> tools such as stones and sticks but only humans make elaborate tools for hunting,<br /> digging and preparing food from stones, bones, wood and other natural materials.<br /> For more than a million years we have used fire for cooking, warmth and protection<br /> at night.<br /> <br /> Chimpanzees live in small groups usually with no more than 5 adult males because<br /> they are quite aggressive and a bigger number of males will start fighting. Human<br /> beings are more cooperative and can live in large groups. (Think of a modern city).<br /> Even a traditional hunter and gatherer tribe might have more than 100 people if<br /> living in an area with sufficient food. A large number is a protection when moving<br /> about in the savannah where there are few trees to hide in and many large animals<br /> such as lions that you must chase away.<br /> <br /> In order to survive in a traditional hunter gather society people had to share and to<br /> work together. There was no space for inequalities or for mistreatment of others.<br /> The hunter-gatherer life style could be adapted to fit local conditions. Some tribes<br /> lived in a very hot and dry area, some lived along a coast, some in a fertile region. If<br /> life became difficult the tribe would move in search of a better place. At different<br /> times it was possible for humans to leave their African homeland and move into<br /> Arabia and from there to all the rest of the world.<br /> <br /> We now know that human beings left Africa in several smaller groups over a long<br /> period of time but the most important migration happened maybe 100,000 years ago<br /> when a small group crossed from what is now Somalia to Yemen. This group<br /> became the ancestors of all non-Africans.
Directive:
1. See the film (<strong><em>The Human Journey – Out of Africa</em></strong>)read the text.<br /> <br /> 2. List five aspects of the hunter-gatherer life style that made it possible for our<br /> ancestors to survive for millions of years often in a hostile environment.<br /> <br /> 3. Send your list to your tutor.
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