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The task is to learn about the history of cotton, the role of cotton production in the global economy and the environmental problems of growing cotton.
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hours
Introduction:
Two factors have transformed cotton production from a positive economy into a<br /> negative economy for peasants in India and Africa in the last decade. The rising of<br /> costs of production and the falling prices of farm commodities. Both factors are<br /> rooted in the policies of trade liberalization and corporate globalization.<br /> <br /> In 1998, the World Bank’s structural adjustment policies forced India to open up its<br /> seed sector to global corporations like Cargill, Monsanto and Syngenta. The global<br /> corporations changed the input economy overnight. Farm saved seeds were replaced<br /> by corporate seeds, which need fertilizers and pesticides and cannot be saved.<br /> <br /> Corporations prevent seed savings through patents and by engineering seeds with<br /> non-renewable traits. As a result, poor peasants have to buy new seeds for every<br /> planting season and what was traditionally a free resource, available by putting<br /> aside a small portion of the crop, has become a commodity.<br /> <br /> When Monsanto first introduced Bt Cotton in India in 2002, the farmers lost 1<br /> billion rupees due to crop failure. Instead of 1,500 kilos per acre as promised by the<br /> company, the harvest was as low as 200 kilos per acre. Instead of incomes of 10,000<br /> rupees an acre, farmers ran into losses of 6,400 rupees an acre.<br /> <br /> The second pressure poor farmers in India and Africa are facing is the dramatic fall<br /> in prices on cotton as a result of the World Trade Organization - WTO’s free trade<br /> policies. They have allowed wealthy countries to increase agribusiness subsidies<br /> while preventing other countries from protecting their farmers from artificially<br /> cheap imported produce. Four hundred billion dollars in subsidies combined with<br /> the forced removal of import restriction is a ready-made recipe for starvation, debt<br /> and increased suicides among small farmers. Indigenous cotton varieties can be<br /> intercropped with food crops. Bt-cotton can only be grown as a monoculture.<br /> <br /> Indigenous cotton is rain fed. Bt-cotton needs irrigation. Indigenous varieties are<br /> pest resistant. Bt-cotton, even though promoted as resistant to the boll worm, has<br /> created new pests, and to control these new pests, farmers are using 13 times more<br /> pesticides than they were using prior to introduction of Bt-cotton.<br /> <br /> Cotton producers in the US are given a subsidy of $4 billion annually. This has<br /> artificially brought down cotton prices, allowing the US to capture world markets<br /> previously accessible to poor African countries such as Burkina Faso, Benin, and<br /> Mali.
Directive:
1. Read the text (F1).<br /> <br /> 2. Make 3 posters that explain the content of the text under the headlines such as<br /> Travels of a T-shirt, Cotton and the environment and Cotton and the corporate<br /> giants.<br /> <br /> 3. Present your posters to a group of fellow students or other interested.<br /> <br /> 4. Send a statement to your teacher.<br /> <br /> - OR -<br /> <br /> Make this task by holding a course at the school where you read the text with a<br /> group of fellow students, let them in smaller groups make each their poster and let<br /> them discuss the posters in the whole team in the end. Send your conclusion and<br /> examples of the posters.
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