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Introduction:

The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular, or simply, the 
circulatory system. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and 
a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. As the name implies, 
blood contained in the circulatory system is pumped by the heart around a closed 
circle or circuit of vessels as it passes again and again through the various 
&ldquo;circulations&rdquo; of the body. 
 
The vital role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining homeostasis depends on 
the continuous and controlled movement of blood through the thousands of miles of 
capillaries that permeate every tissue and reach every cell in the body. It is in the 
microscopic capillaries that blood performs its ultimate transport function. Nutrients 
and other essential materials pass from capillary blood into fluids surrounding the 
cells as waste products are removed. 
 
Numerous control mechanisms help to regulate and integrate the diverse functions 
and component parts of the cardiovascular system in order to supply blood to 
specific body areas according to need. These mechanisms ensure a constant internal 
environment surrounding each body cell regardless of differing demands for 
nutrients or production of waste products.

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